Food Additives Guide (900-1520) - Phụ gia thực phẩm

Food Additives Guide (900-1520)

MISCELLANEOUS

(900-1520)

"In a time of universal deceit, telling the truth is a revolutionary
act." ~ George Orwell

Number	Name	Comments
900 E900	Dimethyl polysiloxane	Silicone based water repellent, anti-foaming agent, emulsifier, anti-caking agent used in confectionary, cordials, syrups and toppings, soft drinks, instant coffee, vinegar, chewing gum, chocolates. No known effects when used in food.
901 E901	Beeswaxes, white & yellow	Glazing agent, used to wax fruit, confectionary, chocolate, ice cream, snack food, slow release pills, etc.  Occasionally causes allergic reactions when used in cosmetics.
E902	Candelilla wax	Natural polymer produced from the Mexican trees Euphorbia antisyphilitica , E. cerifera and Pedilanthus pavonis .Glazing agent, used to wax fruit and vegetables. Not enough research done to be conclusive. Used as substitute for Carnauba wax (903)
903 E903	Carnauba wax	Natural polymer produced from the Canauba palm (Copernica cerifera ) and related species from Brazil. Used in cosmetics and inks, and to wax fruit, chocolates, cocoa products, chewing gum, confectionary, flavour carrier in drinks, savoury snacks, toppings. Occasionally causes allergic reactions (dermal eczema) and possible carcinogen.
904 E904	Shellac, Lac	Derived from the Lac insect of India; occasionally causes irritations of the skin. Used as glazing agent, chocolate, confectionary, orange fizzy drinks, orange skin, medications. Can be used by all religious groups and vegetarians. Vegans generally avoid the product as there are still lice in the raw product. These are eliminated during purification.
905(a)	Mineral oil, white	Synthetic mixture of hydrocarbons. Chewing gum ingredient, sealant, glazing agent, de-foamer, food processing machine lubricant, protective coating on fresh vegetables and fruit, lubricant and binder for tablets and capsules. Listed as having teratogenic properties probably responsible for bowel cancer and can cause defects.
905(b)	Petrolatum (petroleum jelly)(Vasaline)	Synthetic mixture of hydrocarbons. May contain aromatic hydrocarbons and petrolatum extracts are listed as having teratogenic properties. May inhibit absorption of fats and fat soluble vitamins, mild laxative.
E905(c)	Paraffins, Microcrystalline wax	Synthetic mixture of hydrocarbons. May inhibit absorption of fats and fat soluble vitamins, mild laxative, there may be a link to bowel cancer. Used on sweets, in processing yeast, vitamin tablets, dried fruit, confectionary, collagen.
906	Gum benzoic	Natural polymer derived from trees from the genus Styrax from Southeast Asia . Formerly used as preservative in fats. At present only used as part of many flavours and essences. Found in many different products, but mainly in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations (perfumes, make-up). Acceptable daily intake (ADI) : None determined. Side effects: None known, but it often contains benzoic acid (E210). Can be used by all religious groups, vegans and vegetarians.
E907	Refined microcrystalline wax	For tablet coatings, chewing gum. Polishing, release and stiffening agent. Banned in Australia. Avoid it. See E905(c)
908	Rice bran wax	Natural polymer derived from rice bran. Coating and used in chewing gum. Found in chewing gum, confectionary.
E910	L-cysteine	A naturally occurring sulphur containing amino acid, derived from cystine, that the body needs to produce Glutathione, one of the body's major antioxidants. Natural sources of cysteine include eggs, meat, dairy products and some cereals although it is commercially produced from hair, both animal and human, (which is around 12% cysteine) and feathers. In compound form (E920 and E921) it is used in flour and bakery products (except wholemeal) where it is used as an improving agent and in chicken stock cubes where it is used as a flavour. Diabetics should be aware that there are some reports that it may interfere with insulin and there are anecdotal reports that it can react with monosodium glutamate (E621) in individuals who suffer from the so called Chinese restaurant syndrome, a set of symptoms, including headache, burning sensations, dizziness and disorientation
E912	Montanic acid esters	Wax obtained by solvent extraction of lignite (brown coal). It consists of non-glyceride carboxylic acid esters, free acids and resins. Coating for citrus fruits. Avoid it.
913	Lanolin, Hydrous wool fat	A fat like substance derived from sheep wool.  Contains 25% water as a water-in-oil emulsion and is used as an ointment base, an emollient for the skin, and in chewing gum.
E914	Oxidized polyethylene wax	Protective coating on fruits and vegetables. Avoid it.
E915	Esters of Colophane	Resin obtained from the pine tree Pinus silvestris and related species. Stabiliser, used as a flavour and in chewing gum. Citrus flavours. Acceptable daily intake (ADI): None determined. Side effects: None known.
920 E920	L-Cystein monohydrochloride	Flour treatment agent derived from animal hair and chicken feathers. If from China - human hair. Used in shampoo and chicken flavouring. Bread enhancer. It stabilises the structure of leavened bread. Aid to detoxification of many chemicals related to smoking, prevent hangovers and also prevent brain and liver damage due to alcohol consumption. Useful for rheumatoid arthritis, helps the immune system and promotes healing.  Is a known neurotoxin.
E921	L-cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate	See 920.
922	Potassium persulphate	Produced from potassium metasulphate and hydrogen peroxide. Bread enhancer. It stabilises the structure of leavened bread.
923	Ammonium persulphate	Produced from ammonium metasulphate and hydrogen peroxide. Bread enhancer. It stabilises the structure of leavened bread.
E924	Potassium bromate	Large quantities can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, kidney damage and failure. The WHO in 1993 said that this ingredient is no longer acceptable for use as it is a possible carcinogen.  Typically used in flour products.
925 E925	Chlorine	Destroys nutrients, listed carcinogen, in some areas tap water is contaminated with it (most of Australia!), to make it 'safer' to drink. Typical products are flour products for bleaching, as a disinfectant, decolouriser and irritant poison. Toxic by inhalation, ingestion and through skin contact. Inhalation can cause serious lung damage and may be fatal. 1000ppm (0.1%) is likely to be fatal after a few deep breaths, and half that concentration fatal after a few minutes. May irritate or burn skin.
926 E926	Chlorine dioxide chlorodioxide chlorine oxide	See 925. Obtained from chlorine and sodium chlorite. Bread enhancer. It stabilises the structure of leavened bread. Bleaching agent for flour. Bread but not often used. Acceptable daily intake (ADI) : Up to 30 mg/kg bodyweight. Corrosive, Severe respiratory and eye irritant.
E927(a)	Azodicarbonamide	Azoformamide. Flour treatment and bleaching agent in baked goods, breads, rice, chewing gum, flour, grains.  The US FDA require further testing. Banned in Australia.  Avoid it.
E927(b)	Carbamide	Obtained from ammonia and carbon dioxide. Used as nutrient in fermented products. Potential allergen. Used to bleach teeth and inhibit potato sprouting.
928 E928	Benzoyl peroxide	Obtained from benzoylchloride and sodium peroxide. Approved by FDA* for bleaching the carotenoids in refined flours, cheese, milk, rice, starch.  Asthmatics and people with a history of allergies BEWARE, see Benzoic Acid (210).
930	Calcium peroxide	Synthetic. Bread enhancer. Bleaching agent for flour. Asthmatics and people with a history of allergies BEWARE
E931	Nitrogen	Used in freezing and vacuum packing. Antioxidant. Seems safe.
E932	Nitrous oxide	Laughing gas Seems quite safe in small quantities, liver, kidney disease, cancer from long exposure. Used for bleaching flour and a whipping agent.
E938	Argon	Used in welding. Inert gas. Seems safe.
E939	Helium	Seems safe.
E940	Dichlorodifluoromethane	Synthetic inert gas. Propellant, anti-freeze Canned and frozen products. Hardly used. Acceptable daily intake (ADI) : Up to 1,5 mg/kg bodyweight.
941 E941	Nitrogen	Antioxidant. Used in freezing and vacuum packing; seems safe.
942 E942	Nitrous oxide	Seems quite safe in small quantities. Used for bleaching flour and a whipping agent.
E943(a)	Butane	Natural inert gas. Propellant Found in Spray-cans. Acceptable daily intake (ADI): None determined. Side effects: None known by use in foods.
E943(b)	Iso-butane	Natural inert gas. Propellant Found in Spray-cans. Acceptable daily intake (ADI) : None determined. Side effects: None known by use in foods.
E944	Propane	Natural inert gas. Propellant Found in Spray-cans. Acceptable daily intake (ADI) : None determined. Side effects: None known by use in foods.
E948	Oxygen	Natural gas. Used in modified atmosphere packaging as preservative.   Gas packed vegetables. Acceptable daily intake (ADI) : None determined. Side effects: None known by use in foods. Listed as having teratogenic properties.
E949	Hydrogen	Natural gas. Used in modified atmosphere packaging. Found in Gas packed products. Acceptable daily intake (ADI): None. Determined Side effects: None known by use in foods.
950 E950	Acesulphane potassium, Acesulphane K	200 times sweeter than sugar, has a bitter after taste.  Used widely as artificial sweetener in low joule gums, drinks, diet foods, etc.  Possible carcinogen in humans, caused cancer in test animals. Suggested that it is worse than Aspartame or Saccharin. AVOID IT!
951 E95	Aspartame	See separate article. Artificial sweetener, too many adverse effects possible to list, 92 documented with the US FDA!, Some people are allergic to aspartame, migraine headaches are a common reaction in these people. Research currently in the USA in regard to incidence of brain tumours. Diet drinks containing it are banned for U.S. Airforce pilots and in an pilots magazine, commercial pilots are told to avoid it. In 9,000 products from low joule to pharmaceuticals. AVOID IT!
E952	Cyclamic acid and its Na and Ca salts	Calcium & sodium cyclamate, artificial sweetener; known to cause migraines and other reactions, can be carcinogenic, caused damage to rats testicles and mouse embryos in tests. Banned in the US and UK due its links with cancer. AVOID IT!
953 E953	Isomalt, Isomaltitol	Sugar substitute and humectant. Suitable for diabetics as it does not have a significant affect on blood glucose or serum insulin levels. Can cause softer than normal stool and intestinal gas.  Not permitted in infant foods.  Not listed for use in Australia.
954 E954	Saccharine	Calcium & sodium saccharin; artificial sweetener derived from toluene (a known carcinogen). Not listed in Australia by number until 1992. Banned in 1977 in the US, but reinstated subject to strict labelling stating: "Use of this product may be hazardous to your health, this product contains saccharin which has been determined to cause cancer in laboratory animals". It interferes with normal blood coagulation, blood sugar levels and digestive function. Banned in France, Germany, Hungary, Portugal, Spain.  Banned as food additive in Malaysia and Zimbabwe.  Banned as a beverage additive in Fiji, Israel, Peru, and Taiwan.
955	Sucralose (trichlorogalactosucrose)	Artificial sweetener 600 times sweeter than sugar. Not listed in Australia prior to 1992.  Found under the brand name of "Splenda".  In animal test before being accepted in Australia, they showed detrimental effects to the thalamus glands, liver and kidney enlargement, and renal mineralisation.
956	Alitame	Artificial sweetener 2000 times sweeter than sugar. Not listed in Australia prior to 1992.  Current research suggests that it is safe.  Not endorsed for use in the USA.
957 E957	Thaumatin	Artificial sweetener and flour enhancer. A protein derived from the tropical plant Thaumococcus danielli; used to sweeten wines, chewing gum, Japanese cooking, bread and fruit.  Has a liquorice after taste.
E959	Neohesperidine DC	Artificial sweetener 340 times sweeter than sugar from grapefruit seed. Not listed for use in Australia, but may be imported with foods. Little research on effects but is used in a large range of foods.
961 E961	Neotame	See articles: One, Two
E962	Salt of Aspartame-acesulfame	See 951.
965 E965	Maltitol, Maltitol syrup, Hydrogenated glucose syrup	Humectant, artificial sweetener base, bulking agent, base for essences. Starch decomposed with digestive enzymes. In some of 953, plus used in confectionery, dried fruits, low-joule foods, chocolate, jam, ice cream; laxative in high concentrations.
966 E966	Lactitol	A synthetic carbohydrate alcohol, produced from milk sugar (lactose) derived from whey (milk). Humectant, sweetener. A sugar alcohol in calorie controlled foods. Laxative in high concentrations of over 20g per day.  Lactitol is partly absorbed and metabolised as glucose by the body; the remaining fraction is fermented in the large intestine. During fermentation, gases are produced, which may cause bloating and flatulence. In intolerant persons it can act as a laxative. Side effects normally occur after an intake of 25-30 grams in a single dose, which is far above the usage in normal foods. Lactitol can be used by all religious groups and vegetarians, but not by vegans, as the source is milk sugar. The term carbohydrate alcohol is a chemical definition; lactitol does not contain alcohol (ethanol).
967 E967	Xylitol	Humectant, artificial sweetener, stabiliser, bulking agent, sugar substitute. Found in raspberries, plums, lettuce and endives, though produced for commercial purposes from wood pulp; caused kidney stones and a diuretic effect on test rats, "a waste of time and the lives of the rats", for the JEFCA in 1983 ruled the tests invalid in relation to humans, the symptoms caused by 'physiological disturbances' in the rats!, we can only imagine what conditions led to upset rats. Used in low-joule foods and carbohydrate modified sweets, ice-cream chocolate, and jams; laxative in high concentrations. Xylitol is partly absorbed and metabolised as sugar by the body; the remaining fraction is fermented in the large intestine. During fermentation, gases are produced, which may cause bloating and flatulence. In intolerant persons it can act as a laxative. Side effects normally occur after an intake of 25-30 grams in a single dose, which is far above the usage in normal foods. Xylitol can be used by all religious groups, vegans and vegetarians. The term carbohydrate alcohol is a chemical definition; xylitol does not contain alcohol (ethanol).
E999	Quillaia extract	Quillaia extract is a purified extract of the outer cambium layer of Quillaia Saponaria Molina, or Quillay Bark. The Quillaia tree is native to Peru and Chile, and cultivated in Northern Hindustan. Quillaia bark infusion has good foam capabilities due to the presence of saponin, a non-poisonous, white powder. Saponin is a glucoside which will yield quillaic acid and quillaia-sapotoxin upon decomposure. The latter products are both poisonous irritants, however it is the sapotoxin which foams upon shaking. Quillaic acid is also known as 3,16-dihydroxy-23-oxo-12-oleanen-28-oic acid. Used in the production of foam on non-alcoholic beverages. Use is banned in a number of countries. Used medically as a stimulating expectorant.
1000	Cholic acid	Normal component of the bile of all vertebrates. Extracted from the bile of cows, but can also be produced synthetically. Emulsifier Used in egg powder. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 1.25 mg/kg bodyweight. Should be avoided by vegans, vegetarians and Hindus, but can be used by other religions.
1001	Choline salts and esters	Emulsifier. Used in the treatment of Autism as it improves brain function and circulation to the brain.
1100@	Amylase	Derived from mould mushroom or pig pancreas. Flour treatment agent. No adverse effects have been reported.
1101	Protease's (Papain, bromelain, ficin)	Stabiliser, flavour enhancer, flour treatment agent, meat tenderiser and used in alcoholic beverages. Some are known to be possible teratogenic in nature.
1102	Glucose oxidase	Anti-oxidant. Little information known at this time.
E1103	Invertase	Derived from honey.
1104	Lipases	See Glycerol (E455). Flavour enhancer.
1105 E1105	Lysozyme	Anti-bacterial preservative. An enzyme, that is a normal constituent of tears, saliva, blood and (human) milk. Commercially prepared from chicken eggs or by bacteria. May be harmful by inhalation or ingestion, or act as an irritant. Used in infant nutrition, pharmaceutical preparations.
1200 E1200	Polydextrose	Polymer of glucose, with some sorbitol. Produced by heating dextrose (glucose) in the presence of sorbitol and citric acid. Humectant and modifying agent in baked foods, modified carbohydrates, confectionary, chocolate, jam, ice cream, low joule foods.  Binds water and protects against freeze damage. Suitable for diabetics. Seems safe in small doses, can cause diarrhoea in large doses (90g per day), see warning in 967.  Not to be used for babies or infants
1201 E1201	Polyvinylpyrrolidone	Synthetic polymer made from formaldehyde - supposed to be inert and non-toxic.  Excess may cause damage to the lungs or kidneys, gas and faecal impaction. Dispersing agent, colour stabiliser, Flavours and fragrances, pharmaceuticals. Coating for tablets; used in artificial sweeteners in low joule foods and chewing gum. Carcinogenic. Avoid it. Light sensitive, hygroscopic. Other names: povidone, PVP
1202 E1202	Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PPVP)	Synthetic polymer. Clarifying agent for wine, beer and vinegar; colour and colloidal stabiliser, almost completely unabsorbed when taken orally. Artificial sweetener .  May cause damage to kidneys and stay in the system for up to a year. Avoid it.
1400 E1400	Dextrin	Polymer of dextrose, prepared by partial degradation of starch. Thickener, vegetable gum, foam stabiliser in beer, artificial sweetener base from tapioca or corn. No known adverse effects, but not fully evaluated for safety.  Foods are made more digestible to babies, but the chemicals to create may be harmful.
1401	Acid treated starch	Thickener, vegetable gum. No known adverse effects.  See 1400.
E1401	Modified Starch	Prepared by treating starch or starch granules with inorganic acids. The starch is partially degraded. Thickening agent and stabiliser. Found in many food products, pharmaceuticals. Acceptable Daily Intake: None determined. Side effects: None known
1402	Alkaline treated starch	Thickener, vegetable gum. No known adverse effects.  See 1400.
E1402	Alkaline modified starch	Prepared by treating starch or starch granules with sodium- or potassium hydroxide. The starch is partially degraded. Thickening agent and stabiliser Contained in many food products, pharmaceuticals  Acceptable Daily Intake: None determined. Side effects: None known
1403 E1403	Bleached starch	Prepared by treating starch with bleaching agents. The starch is partially degraded and oxidised. Thickener, vegetable gum which may be bleached with sulphur dioxide (one of a choice), which is dangerous to asthmatics.  Used in baby food, jelly type sweets, wine gums, batter mixes - wide range of foods.  Further testing required.  See 1400.
1404 E1404	Oxidised starch	Prepared by treating starch with hypochlorite. The starch is partially degraded and oxidised. Thickener, vegetable gum which is bleached with possible sulphur dioxide residue, which is dangerous to asthmatics.  High concentrations cause diarrhoea and kidney defects in animals. See 1403.  Further testing required.  See 1400.
1405	Enzyme treated starch	Occurs naturally in the body.  Thickener, vegetable gum in baby foods.  May or may not be used in Australia.  No known adverse effects.  See 1400.
1410 E1410	Mono-starch phosphate	Prepared by treating starch with phosphoric acid. The starch is partially degraded and phosphorylated. Thickening agent and stabiliser. No known adverse effects, further testing required.  See 1400.
E1411	Di-starch glycerol	Prepared by treating starch with glycerol. The starch is partially degraded and combined with glycerol. Thickening agent and emulsifier. Many food products, pharmaceuticals
1412 E1412	Distarch phosphates	(i) : prepared with trimetaphosphate (ii) : prepared with phosphoroxychloride Thickener used in baby food, carbohydrate modified foods, starch.  Not recommended for infant formulas. No known adverse effects, further testing required.  See 1400.
1413 E1413	Phosphated distarch phosphate	Prepared by treating starch with a phosphorylating agent and phosphoric acid. The resulting starch has increased stability at high and low temperatures and is more resistant against acid. No known adverse effects, further testing required.  Prepared for baby foods, frozen foods, refrigerated sweets, soy and other infant formula.  Babies should not be given soy products.  See 1400.
1414 E1414	Acetylated distarch phosphate	Prepared by treating starch with a phosphorylating agent and acetic acid. The resulting starch has increased stability and dissolves better at low temperatures. Thickener for food in cans: thin soups, foods and cereals for young children, soy and other infant formula.  Babies should not be given soy products.  No known adverse effects at low levels, further testing required.  May cause diarrhoea. See 1400.
1420 E1420	Acetylated starch	Prepared by treating starch with acetic acid anhydride. The resulting starch is more stable at high temperatures and low pH. Thickener, vegetable gum in iced lollies, confectionary, yoghurts, egg white mix, fruit flavoured fillings. No known adverse effects, further testing required. May cause diarrhoea. See 1400.
1421 E1421	Starch acetate esterfied with vinyl acetate	Prepared by treating starch with vinylacetate. The resulting starch is more stable at high temperatures and low pH. Comparable with E1420.Thickener, vegetable gum. No known adverse effects. May cause diarrhoea. See 1400 and 1420.
1422 E1422	Acelylated distarch adipate	Prepared by treating starch with acetic acid anhydride and adipinic acid anhydride. This results in a starch that is resistant against stirring and high temperatures. Thickener, vegetable gum to give improved 'mouth feel' in a wide range of foods such as relishes and pickles, fruit pies and fillings, baby food. No known adverse effects at low levels, further testing required.  See 1400.
1423	Acetylated di-starch glecerol	Prepared by treating starch with acetic acid anhydride and glycerol. This results in a starch that is resistant against stirring and high temperatures and with a high stability after cooling. Thickening agent. Many food products. Acceptable Daily Intake: None determined
E1430	Distarch glycerine	Stabiliser, Thickening agent
1440 E1440	Hydroxypropylstarch	Prepared by treating starch with propyleneoxide. The resulting starch is more stable against acid, alkaline and starch degrading enzymes. It also provides better colour and shine to products. Thickener, vegetable gum from potatoes, wheat, maize, rice, barley, or roots like cassava.  No known adverse effects, further testing required.  It may slow down the degradation of food in the intestine. See 1400.
E1441	Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerine	Prepared by treating starch with propyleneoxide, epichlorhydrine and glycerol. The resulting starch is more stable against acid, alkaline and starch degrading enzymes. It also provides better colour and shine to products and is more stable after cooling. Stabiliser, Thickening agent. It may cause diarrhoea.
1442 E1442	Hydroxy propyl distarch phosphate	Prepared by treating starch with propyleneoxide and phosphoric acid. The resulting starch is more stable against acid, alkaline and starch degrading enzymes. It also provides better colour and shine to products and has very good freeze-thaw properties. Thickener, vegetable gum in frozen products. No known adverse effects, further testing required. It may slow down the degradation of food in the intestine. See 1400.
1450 E1450	Starch sodium octenyl succinate	Prepared by treating starch with octenylsuccinate. Thickener, vegetable gum where oil and water must mix in salad dressings, drink whiteners, dry drink bases, essences. No known adverse effects, further testing required.  See 1400 and 1422.
E1451	Acetylated oxidised starch	Thickener, vegetable gum. No known adverse effects, further testing required.
1501	Benzylated hydrocarbons	(i): Benzyl alcohol (ii): Benzyl acetate (iii): Benzyl benzoate Natural compounds, which constitute part of the flavour and fragrance of many plant species. They are commercially produced by chemical synthesis. Flavourings and fragrances. Found in many products; these compounds are also used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Acceptable Daily intake: Up to 5 mg/kg body weight. No side effects known when used in foods. Skin problems may occur when used in cosmetics.
1502	Butane-1,3-diol	It is commercially produced by chemical synthesis. Solvent for flavours. In tobacco products. Acceptable Daily intake: Up to 4 mg/kg body weight.
1503	Castor Oil	Natural oil extracted from the seeds of Ricinus communis (castor bean). Castor oil is a flavour component as well as a solvent for flavours. Found in flavoured sugar, lip products, etc. Acceptable Daily intake: Up to 0.7 mg/kg body weight.
1504	Ethyl Acetate	Natural component of many fruits; it is commercially produced from acetic acid. Ethyl acetate is a flavour component as well as a solvent for flavours. Found in many products with fruit flavour. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 6 mg/kg body weight.
1505 E1505	Triethyl acetate or citrate	Commercially produced from citric acid. Whipping aid, thickener, vegetable gum for flavoured and sports drinks, egg white liquid or dried. Part becomes alcohol in the body.  See 1510.
1510 E1510	Ethanol, ethyl alcohol, Ethanon	Alcohol. Not permitted in foods in Australia, but used in cough medicines, perfumes, mouth wash, antiseptic, hairspray as an additive carrier not listed except in alcoholic drinks. Suspected neurotoxic hazard, danger to persons with Candida and allergies.  In ice creams, dessert sauces, apple cider, stews and casseroles, tomatoes and rock melon.
1516	Glycerol monoacetate	Commercially produced from acetic acid and glycerol. Solvent for flavours. Found in many products.
E1517	Glycerol diacetate	Glycerol diacetate is commercially produced from acetic acid and glycerol. Used as solvent for flavours. May cause headaches, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, diarrhoea, thirst, dizziness and mental confusion.
1518 E1518	Glycerol triacetate, triacetin	Binder for solid rocket fuels.  Fungicide, humectant and solvent  for flavours derived from glycerol; used to coat fresh fruit in the US, essences, cigarette filters. Other names: triacetin, glyceryl triacetate, 1,2,3-propanetriyl triacetate, 1,2,3-propanetriol triacetate, triacetylglycerol.
1520 E1520	Propylene glycol	Propylene glycol is commercially produced from propylene and carbonate. Humectant, wetting agent, dispersing agent, radiator anti-freeze, petroleum based; its glycerine like taste has made it popular for children's medications and other elixirs; used in many toothpastes, topical creams and ointments, in cosmetics, hair products and deodorants, artificial sweetener bases, liquid food colour, essences, sweetened coconut, chewing gum, chocolates. Total recall of all medications in USA (if you still have some old ones, throw them out!) and has been linked with fatal heart attacks (when given intravenously), central nervous system depression and cosmetic or pharmaceutical contact dermatitis. Suspected as a neurotoxic hazard. Material Data Safety Sheets recommend not have dermal contact, wear rubber gloves. Other names: 1,2-propanediol; 1,2-dihydroxypropane; methylethylene glycol; propane-1,2-diol
1521	Polyethylene glycerol 8000	Artificial sweetener, anti-foaming agent. Known to cause renal failure in burns victims.
1525	Hydroxy ethyl cellulose	Hydroxy ethyl cellulose is commercially produced from ethanol and cellulose. Thickening agent. Found in many products. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 25 mg/kg body weight. Side effects: None known when used in foods. In high concentrations it acts as a laxative.

* Food and Drug Administration

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