Food Science and Technology

“nước mắm” + “truyền thống” 1.     Nước mắm (nuoc-mam) “Nước mắm” theo tên riêng của chính nó là một loại sản phẩm từ cá lên men ủ cùng muối, nó được chế biến và sử dụng phổ biến ở Việt Nam cũng như các loại “fish sauce” khác ở Đông Nam Á và nhiều vùng trên thế giới. Chất lượng nước mắm phụ thuộc vào nhiều yếu tố và đòi hỏi kinh nghiệm cao [4]. Mặc dù tồn tại với sự khác biệt về nguồn gốc các loài cá nguyên liệu đầu vào, công nghệ chế biến và tên gọi (“nước mắm ” ở Việt Nam, “nampla” ở Thái Lan, “ patis” ở Philippines, “ shottsuru” ở Nhật Bản và “ yeesui” ở Trung Quốc) [1], nước mắm từ các quốc gia khác nhau có cùng một nguyên tắc đó là quá trình lên men cá bằng cách tự phân hủy ở nồng độ muối cao.  Ở Việt Nam, khái niệm “Nước mắm” lần đầu tiên được định nghĩa một cách hợp pháp trong Sắc lệnh của Chính phủ Đông Dương, bằng tiếng Pháp ( the Order of Indochina Government ) ngày 21 tháng 12 năm 1916: “ Nước mắm là kết quả của quá trình ngâm cá trong dung dị...

Pros and Cons of Three High-Resolution Mass Spec Approaches Mike May Posted : June 8, 2017 Source: O'Donnell, V.B., Murphy, R.C., & Watson, S.P. (2014). Platelet lipidomics: modern day perspective on lipid discovery and characterization in platelets.  Circulation research, 114 7 , 1185-203 . Mass spectrometry (MS) measures the mass ( m ) to charge ( z ) ratio— m/z —of the ions in a sample. Those ratios provide an atomic signature for what makes up a sample. In many situations,  z  = 1, so the ratio provides the mass of the ions. In original instruments, the mass could only be measured to single-digit units, or integers. With high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), the mass can be measured to several decimal places. Often, ordinary MS is said to measure nominal mass and HRMS measures exact mass. By obtaining data that provide a more accurate representation of the mass of ions in a sample, this technique becomes usefu...

Points to Consider in Quality Control Method Validation and Transfer View PDF by  Weijun Li Thursday, March 14, 2019  12:52 pm Figure 1: Analytical method lifecycle The concept of an analytical lifecycle has been well received in the biopharmaceutical industry. In 2016, the US Pharmacopeia (USP) advocated for lifecycle management of analytical procedures ( 1 ) and defined its three stages: method design development and understanding, qualification of the method procedure, and procedure performance verification. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has published guidance on process validation with a similar division into three stages: process design, process performance qualification, and process performance verification ( 2 ). For a manufacturing process, process performance must be monitored. For an analytical method, a method procedure performance must be monitored. Following the analytical lifecycle concept, an analytical method lifecycle can be di...

The Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) The Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) procedure has been used to calculate permissible chronic exposure levels for humans based on non-carcinogenic effects. The ADI is the amount of a chemical to which a person can be exposed each day for a long time (usually lifetime) without suffering harmful effects. It is determined by applying safety factors (to account for the uncertainty in the data) to the highest dose in human or animal studies which has been demonstrated not to cause toxicity (NOAEL).  The EPA has slightly modified the ADI approach and calculates a Reference Dose (RfD) as the acceptable safety level for chronic non-carcinogenic and developmental effects. Similarly, the ATSDR calculates Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for noncancer endpoints. The critical toxic effect used in the calculation of an ADI, RfD, or MRL is the serious adverse effect which occurs at the lowest exposure level. It may range from lethality to minor toxic effects. It ...

In toxicology,  point of departure (POD)  is defined as the point on a toxicological dose-response curve established from experimental data or observational data generally corresponding to an estimated low effect level or no effect level. It marks the beginning of extrapolation to toxicological reference dose  RfD  or reference concentration  RfC . US EPA defines RfD or RfC as follows.  [ Note : In EU, RfD may be called  derived no-effect level (DNEL) .] Reference dose (RfD) : An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily oral or dermal exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. Its unit is usually  mg/kg bw/day  or  mg/kg . Reference concentration (RfC) : An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a continuous inhalation exposure to the human...