Food Science and Technology

What is Toxicokinetics? Toxicokinetics Defined Toxicokinetics  is essentially the study of "how a substance gets into the body and what happens to it in the body." Before this term was used, the study of the kinetics (movement) of chemicals was originally conducted with pharmaceuticals and the term pharmacokinetics became commonly used. Similarly, toxicology studies were initially conducted with drugs. Toxicokinetics deals with what the body does with a drug when given a relatively high dose relative to the therapeutic dose. Read more about   differences between pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics . Processes Four processes are involved in toxicokinetics: Absorption  — the substance enters the body. Distribution  — the substance moves from the site of entry to other areas of the body. Biotransformation  — the body changes (transforms) the substance into new chemicals (metabolites). Excretion  — the substance or its metabolites leave th...

(1) What is the safe range of the Maximum Residue Level? First, the acceptable daily intake (ADI) per 1 kg body weight is calculated on the basis of the toxicity study results submitted at the time of the application for registration. This is an estimate of the amount of an agricultural chemical that can be ingested daily over a lifetime without appreciable health risk to the consumer. Some of the sprayed agricultural chemicals adhere to the crops, some fail to adhere and enter the soil, or enter rivers via paddy water, and other rodents decompose, and thus humans take in these chemicals through crops and water. Therefore, it is necessary that agricultural chemicals taken in through various routes should be controlled and used not to exceed the ADI. The standards for withholding registration are established considering this point by the Minister of the Environment. The maximum residue level was established for each active ingredient to determine the acceptable residual amount fo...

Maximum residue limits The maximum residue limit (MRL) is the maximum concentration of residue accepted by the European Union (EU) in a food product obtained from an animal that has received a veterinary medicine or that has been exposed to a biocidal product for use in animal husbandry. The EU requires by law that foodstuffs, such as meat, milk or eggs, obtained from animals treated with veterinary medicines or exposed to biocidal products used in animal husbandry must not contain any residue that might represent a hazard to the health of the consumer. Before a veterinary medicine intended for  food-producing animals  can be authorised in the EU, the  safety of its pharmacologically active substances  and their residues must first be evaluated. Similarly, a safety assessment is undertaken for the active substances included in  biocidal products for use in animal husbandry , but an evaluation of the residues and the setting of MRLs is only con...

Clímaco Álvarez * Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas (INIA). Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Agricultura y Tierras, Tapipa, Estado Miranda, Venezuela. The chemical composition of cocoa butter is quite simple. Nevertheless, it is highly polymorphic and crystallizes in an ordered structure with different molecular arrangements depending on the melting points and composition of the triglycerides, which are key elements in the blending and tempering of chocolate during its manufacture. Six polymorphic forms have been identified from fats such as 1,3-stearoyl- 2- oleoylglycerol (2-oleodistearin) (StOSt) that contain symmetrical monounsaturated triglycerides: γ, α, βIII, βIV, βV and βVI, with the “βV” form producing the highest quality chocolate. Chocolate made up of predominantly βV crystals is glossy with a good general appearance. It also has a smooth texture, is easily removed from the molds, has a long shelf life and is resistant to bloom. Proper...

Comparison of Microwave-Assisted Extraction with  Other Solid–Liquid Extraction Techniques To introduce bioactive plant extracts in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations, industries are looking for green and ef fi cient extraction processes free of toxic solvents. Methodologies using biodegradable and nontoxic solvents such as water and ethanol are being developed [ 52 ] . The traditional techniques of solvent extraction of plant materials are based on the correct choice of solvents and the use of heat or/and agitation to increase the solubility of the desired compounds and improve the mass transfer. Soxhlet extraction is the most common and is still used as a standard in all cases [ 53 ] . As a result of several secondary metabolites, the development of high performance and rapid extraction methods is an absolute necessity [ 54 ] . The new extraction techniques with shortened extraction time, reduced solvent consumption, increased pollution prevention...

Quy tắc làm tròn số và cách viết kết   quả Các kết quả thực nghiệm bao giờ cũng có sai số, nghĩa là luôn luôn có độ sai lệch giữa giá trị thực của đại lượng cần đo và giá trị đo được. Đại lượng đo được chỉ có ý nghĩa khi xác định được sai số của nó. Mặt khác, tìm được nguyên nhân gây ra sai số và hạn chế chúng để nâng cao độ chính xác của phép đo là rất cần thiết. Vì vậy, vấn đề sai số trong thí nghiệm có một ý nghĩa quan trọng. Khi đã xác định được giá trị trung bình A của đại lượng A và sai số e a của nó thì kết quả sẽ được viết như thế nào? Chúng ta chấp nhận quy ước sau: -     Đối với sai số : sai số được làm tròn đến con số cuối cùng (tính từ phải qua trái) khác không, theo quy ước tăng chữ số cuối cùng lên một bậc nếu những số bỏ đi bắt đầu bằng số lớn hơn 5 (hoặc số 5 nhưng những số sau nó khác không), giữ nguyên số cuối cùng không đổi nếu các chữ số bỏ đi bắt đầu bằng số nhỏ hơn 5. Thí dụ:         ...

Internal validity has to do with if a study shows a causal relation between two variables. A study is said to have internal validity if the results indicate that the changes in the dependent/criterion variable were due to the experimenter's manipulation of the independent/predictor variable.   External validity involves generalizability, or the study's ability to generalize the results across different situations, groups of people, or experimental procedures. So essentially, internal validity says your study is measuring what it is set out to examine, while external validity says how useful your findings are to more than just one sample, situation, or procedure. In designing a study, you want to aim towards achieving good internal and external validity. External Validity: the extent to which results of research studys can be generalized to other situations or representative of real life Internal Validity the extent to which an experiment is effectivel...